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Auto_insurance_payments_Now_average_usd69_per_month Auto_insurance_payments_Now_average_usd69_per_month Ahh, what the world needs, "yet another web application framework". So, what makes mine better then the others? Nothing really. This was born out of my frustrations with trying to use another "web application framework'. So what does Scaffold give you? Well, it won't create a stand alone application from a simple command line. It won't give you yet another ORMish way to access your databases. It won't auto-generate a lot of boiler plate code. It won't even boast about how independent it is from CPAN. Nor will it attempt to re-invent Ruby-on-Rails, Django or whatever the framework dejour currently is. What it does gives you is the freedom to write your web based application as you see fit. Scaffold brings the following to the table. * A comhensive object structure. * A caching subsystem. * Session management * A locking resource manager * Freedom to choose an ORM * Bindings to the Template Toolkit * Web server independence This is all done thru readily available CPAN modules. What I needed was a simple, easy to use framework that provided caching, session management, resource locking, templating and a URL dispatching system, without any conceived notions on how I should write my code. Scaffold is my attempt to do this. I hope it works for you too. THE BASIC SYSTEM Top Scaffold is an OO based system and OO Perl can be done many different ways. Some are considered the "next best thing" and/or a "best practice" for Perl and everybody should use it, regardless of usability or fitness for that purpose. I choose to use the Badger toolkit. Why, because it made sense, it's as simple as that. Since the class system is built upon Badger, it follows some of Badger's methodology. The base class for Scaffold is Scaffold::Base. This loads Badger::Base, with all of it's goodness, defines some error messages and exposes the config() method. This method is important for other classes within Scaffold. Scaffold::Class This class extends Badger::Class and loads Scaffold::Constants and Scaffold::Utils. Which extends their respected Badger counter parts. Scaffold::Constants defines some global constants used within Scaffold. Scaffold::Utils loads some common utilities that other modules can make usage of. Since Scaffold::Class extends Badger::Class, you can use Badger's meta language within your own modules. Scaffold::Server This is the main entry point to Scaffold. This processes the configuration and loads the various components. Scaffold::Server also parses the URL and invokes handler's to handle the processing of the URL. If there are no corresponding handlers, an exception is thrown. Scaffold::Engine This ties Scaffold::Server to the Plack back end. Scaffold::Handler This is the base class for handlers. It further breaks down the URL to determine which method to invoke. If a method does not match the URL an exception is thrown. Scaffold::Handler is also a state machine. The following states are defined: STATE__ACTION STATE_ACTION STATE_POST_ACTION STATE__RENDER STATE_RENDER STATE_POST_RENDER STATE__EXIT The following handlers are provided: * Scaffold::Handler::Static - handles static pages with the option of storing those pages in cache * Scaffold::Handler::Favicon - load and cache a "favicon.ico" file * Scaffold::Handler::Robots - load and cache a "robots.txt" file * Scaffold::Handler::ExtDirect - an experimental implementation of the Ext.direct RPC protocol * Scaffold::Handler::ExtPoll - an experimental implementing of the Ext.direct polling protocol Scaffold::Plugin This is the base class for plug-ins. Plug-ins are global and they run in loaded order. Plug-ins can be invoked in the following phases of a handler: STATE__ACTION STATE_POST_ACTION STATE_PER_RENDER STATE_POST_RENDER STATE__EXIT Scaffold::Render This is the base class for renderer's. A render, formats the output before it is sent to the browser. By default, this is a raw buffer. Scaffold::Reneder::TT is the interface to the Template Toolkit. The renderer is invoked in the STATE_RENDER phase of a handler. Scaffold::Stash This is the base class for stashes. A stash is global to a handler. The following stashes have been defined: * Scaffold::Stash::View - used to hold the output buffer * Scaffold::Stash::Cookie - used to hold the cookies * Scaffold::Stash::Controller - not currently being used Scaffold::Cache This is the base class for the caching subsystem. The following subsystems have been defined: * Scaffold::Cache::FastMmap * Scaffold::Cache::Memcached Scaffold::Cache::FastMmap is loaded by default. Scaffold::Cache::Manager is used to manage the cache. It is implemented as a plug-in and is the first one to run. It executes in the STATE__ACTION phase of a handler. It purges the cache of expired items. Scaffold::Session Sessions are handled by HTTP::Session. Sessions are stored in temporary cookies. Scaffold::Session::Store::Cache ties session storage to the internal caching subsystem. Scaffold::Session::Manager initialized or reestablishes existing sessions. It is implemented as a plug-in. It is the second one to run and executes in the STATE__ACTION to establish sessions and in STATE__EXIT to create or update the session cookie. Scaffold::Lockmgr This is the base class for implementing a resource lock manager. Scaffold::Lockmgr::KeyedMutex uses KeyedMutex as a distributed lock manager. It is loaded by default. Scaffold::Uaf This implements an authorization and authentication framework. The following modules are base classes and most of them should be overridden by your code. * Scaffold::Uaf::Authenticate - this is a mixin used for authentication * Scaffold::Uaf::Authorize - this is a base class for authorizations * Scaffold::Uaf::Rule - a base class for rules * Scaffold::Uaf::User - a base class for the user object The following are defaults that should be overridden: * Scaffold::Uaf::AuthorizeFactory - a default authorization scheme * Scaffold::Uaf::GrantAllRule - a default rule that grants everything The following are handlers that may be overridden: * Scaffold::Uaf::Login - a handler for authentication * Scaffold::Uaf::Logout - a handler to expire an authentication They have a dependency on Scaffold::Uaf::Authenticate. The following is a plug-in that may be overridden: * Scaffold::Uaf::Manager - a plugin that checks authentication and initiates the login process This has a dependency on Scaffold::Uaf::Authenticate A SIMPLE APPLICATION Top For example, a simple Scaffold application could be written as follows: app.psgi -------- use lib 'lib'; use Scaffold::Server; my $psgi_handler; my $server = Scaffold::Server-new( locations = { '/' = 'App::Main', } ); $psgi_handler = $server-engine-psgi_handler(); ... package App::Main; use Scaffold::Class version = '0.01', base = 'Scaffold::Handler', ; sub do_main my ($self) = @_; my $html = qq( html head titleHello World/title /head body pHello World!/p /body /html ); $self-view-data($html); } ... # plackup -app app.psgi Which would start your application on port 5000 of localhost using the singled threaded Plack server engine. You can direct your browser to that URL and receive a resounding "Hello World!". See, simple, no muss, no fuss. SEE ALSO Top Scaffold::Base Scaffold::Class Scaffold::Constants Scaffold::Engine Scaffold::Server Scaffold::Utils Scaffold::Cache Scaffold::Cache::FastMmap Scaffold::Cache::Manager Scaffold::Cache::Memcached Scaffold::Handler Scaffold::Handler::ExtDirect Scaffold::Handler::ExtPoll Scaffold::Handler::Favicon Scaffold::Handler::Robots Scaffold::Handler::Static Scaffold::Lockmgr Scaffold::Lockmgr::KeyedMutex Scaffold::Plugins Scaffold::Render Scaffold::Render::Default Scaffold::Render::TT Scaffold::Session::Manager Scaffold::Session::Store Scaffold::Session::Store::Cache Scaffold::Stash Scaffold::Stash::Controller Scaffold::Stash::Cookies Scaffold::Stash::Manager Scaffold::Stash::View Scaffold::Uaf::Authenticate Scaffold::Uaf::AuthorizeFactory Scaffold::Uaf::Authorize Scaffold::Uaf::GrantAllRule Scaffold::Uaf::Login Scaffold::Uaf::Logout Scaffold::Uaf::Manager Scaffold::Uaf::Rule Scaffold::Uaf::User AUTHOR Top Kevin L. Esteb, kesteb(at)wsipc.org SUPPORT Top You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command. perldoc Scaffold COPYRIGHT & LICENSE Top Copyright 2010 Kevin L. Esteb, all rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. Scaffold documentation Contained in the Scaffold distribution. package Scaffold; use 5.008008; use warnings; use strict; our $VERSION = '0.01'; 1; This is the base class for Scaffold. It defines some useful exception messages and a method to access the config cache. ACCESSORS Top config This method is used to return items from the interal config cache. SEE ALSO Top Badger::Base Scaffold Scaffold::Base Scaffold::Cache Scaffold::Cache::FastMmap Scaffold::Cache::Manager Scaffold::Cache::Memcached Scaffold::Class Scaffold::Constants Scaffold::Engine Scaffold::Handler Scaffold::Handler::Favicon Scaffold::Handler::Robots Scaffold::Handler::Static Scaffold::Lockmgr Scaffold::Lockmgr::KeyedMutex Scaffold::Plugins Scaffold::Render Scaffold::Render::Default Scaffold::Render::TT Scaffold::Server Scaffold::Session::Manager Scaffold::Stash Scaffold::Stash::Controller Scaffold::Stash::Cookie Scaffold::Stash::View Scaffold::Uaf::Authenticate Scaffold::Uaf::AuthorizeFactory Scaffold::Uaf::Authorize Scaffold::Uaf::GrantAllRule Scaffold::Uaf::Login Scaffold::Uaf::Logout Scaffold::Uaf::Manager Scaffold::Uaf::Rule Scaffold::Uaf::User Scaffold::Utils AUTHOR Top Kevin L. Esteb, kesteb@wsipc.org COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE Top Copyright (C) 2009 by Kevin L. Esteb This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.5 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available. Scaffold documentation Contained in the Scaffold distribution. package Scaffold::Base; our $VERSION = '0.01'; use Data::Dumper; use Scaffold::Class base = 'Badger::Base', version = $VERSION, messages = { evenparams = "%s requires an even number of paramters\n", noalias = "can not set session alias %s\n", badini = "can not load %s\n", } ; # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- # Public Methods # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- sub config { my ($self, $p) = @_; return $self-{config}-{$p}; } sub custom_error { my ($self, $scaffold, $page_title, $text) = @_; my $die_msg = $text; my $param_dump = Dumper($scaffold-request-parameters-mixed()); $param_dump =~ s/(?:^|\n)(\s+)/&_trim( $1 )/ge; $param_dump =~ s//</g; my $request_dump = Dumper($scaffold-request); my $response_dump = Dumper($scaffold-response); # local $Data::Dumper::Freezer = '_dumper_hook'; my $scaffold_dump = Dumper($scaffold); $request_dump =~ s/(?:^|\n)(\s+)/&_trim( $1 )/ge; $request_dump =~ s//</g; $response_dump =~ s/(?:^|\n)(\s+)/&_trim( $1 )/ge; $response_dump =~ s//</g; $scaffold_dump =~ s/(?:^|\n)(\s+)/&_trim( $1 )/ge; $scaffold_dump =~ s//</g; my $status = $scaffold-response-status || 'Bad Request'; my $page = $self-_error_page(); $page =~ s/##DIE_MESSAGE##/$die_msg/sg; $page =~ s/##PARAM_DUMP##/$param_dump/sg; $page =~ s/##REQUEST_DUMP##/$request_dump/sg; $page =~ s/##RESPONSE_DUMP##/$response_dump/sg; $page =~ s/##SCAFFOLD_DUMP##/$scaffold_dump/sg; $page =~ s/##STATUS##/$status/sg; $page =~ s/##PAGE_TITLE##/$page_title/sge; return $page; } # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- # Public Methods # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- sub _trim { my $spaces = $1; my $new_sp = " " x int( length($spaces) / 4 ); return( "\n$new_sp" ); } sub _dumper_hook { $_[0] = bless { %{ $_[0] }, result_source = undef, }, ref($_[0]); } sub _error_page { my ($self) = @_; return( qq! html head title##PAGE_TITLE## ##STATUS##/title style type="text/css" body { font-family: "Bitstream Vera Sans", "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ddd; background-color: #eee; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; } .box { background-color: #ccc; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 4px; margin: 10px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; } .error { font: 20px Tahoma; background-color: #88003A; border: 1px solid #755; padding: 8px; margin: 4px; margin-bottom: 10px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; } .infos { font: 9px Tahoma; background-color: #779; border: 1px solid #575; padding: 8px; margin: 4px; margin-bottom: 10px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; } .head { font: 12px Tahoma; } .name { font: 12px Tahoma; background-color: #66B; border: 1px solid #557; padding: 8px; margin: 4px; -moz-border-radius: 10px; } /style /head body class="box" class="error"##DIE_MESSAGE##/ class="infos"br/ class="head"usite.params/u/ br / ##PARAM_DUMP## class="head"uRequest Object/u/br/ ##REQUEST_DUMP## class="head"uResponse Object/u/br/ ##RESPONSE_DUMP## class="head"uScaffold Object/u/br/ ##SCAFFOLD_DUMP## / class="name"Running on Scaffold $Scaffold::Base::VERSION/ / /body /html! ); }
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30 seconds could_save you_$500 on Auto insurance 30 seconds could_save you_$500 on Auto insurance use GraphViz; my $g = GraphViz->new(); $g->add_node(’London’); $g->add_node(’Paris’, label => ’City of\nlurve’); $g->add_node(’New York’); $g->add_edge(’London’ => ’Paris’); $g->add_edge(’London’ => ’New York’, label => ’Far’); $g->add_edge(’Paris’ => ’London’); print $g->as_png; DESCRIPTION This module provides an interface to layout and image generation of directed and undirected graphs in a variety of formats (PostScript, PNG, etc.) using the "dot", "neato", "twopi", "circo" and "fdp" programs from the GraphViz project (http://www.graphviz.org/ or http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/). What is a graph? A (undirected) graph is a collection of nodes linked together with edges. A directed graph is the same as a graph, but the edges have a direction. What is GraphViz? This module is an interface to the GraphViz toolset (http://www.graphviz.org/). The GraphViz tools provide automatic graph layout and drawing. This module simplifies the creation of graphs and hides some of the complexity of the GraphViz module. Laying out graphs in an aesthetically-pleasing way is a hard problem - there may be multiple ways to lay out the same graph, each with their own quirks. GraphViz luckily takes part of this hard problem and does a pretty good job in a couple of seconds for most graphs. Why should I use this module? Observation aids comprehension. That is a fancy way of expressing that popular faux-Chinese proverb: "a picture is worth a thousand words". Text is not always the best way to represent anything and everything to do with a computer programs. Pictures and images are easier to assimilate than text. The ability to show a particular thing graphically can aid a great deal in comprehending what that thing really represents. Diagrams are computationally efficient, because information can be indexed by location; they group related information in the same area. They also allow relations to be expressed between elements without labeling the elements. A friend of mine used this to his advantage when trying to remember important dates in computer history. Instead of sitting down and trying to remember everything, he printed over a hundred posters (each with a date and event) and plastered these throughout his house. His spatial memory is still so good that asked last week (more than a year since the experiment) when Lisp was invented, he replied that it was upstairs, around the corner from the toilet, so must have been around 1958. Spreadsheets are also a wonderfully simple graphical representation of computational models. Applications Bundled with this module are several modules to help graph data structures (GraphViz::Data::Dumper), XML (GraphViz::XML), and Parse::RecDescent, Parse::Yapp, and yacc grammars (GraphViz::Parse::RecDescent, GraphViz::Parse::Yapp, and GraphViz::Parse::Yacc). Note that Marcel Grunauer has released some modules on CPAN to graph various other structures. See GraphViz::DBI and GraphViz::ISA for example. brian d foy has written an article about Devel::GraphVizProf for Dr. Dobb’s Journal: http://www.ddj.com/columns/perl/2001/0104pl002/0104pl002.htm Award winning! I presented a paper and talk on "Graphing Perl" using GraphViz at the 3rd German Perl Workshop and received the "Best Knowledge Transfer" prize. Talk: http://www.astray.com/graphing_perl/graphing_perl.pdf Slides: http://www.astray.com/graphing_perl/ METHODS new This is the constructor. It accepts several attributes. my $g = GraphViz->new(); my $g = GraphViz->new(directed => 0); my $g = GraphViz->new(layout => ’neato’, ratio => ’compress’); my $g = GraphViz->new(rankdir => 1); my $g = GraphViz->new(width => 8.5, height => 11); my $g = GraphViz->new(width => 30, height => 20, pagewidth => 8.5, pageheight => 11); The most two important attributes are ’layout’ and ’directed’. layout The ’layout’ attribute determines which layout algorithm GraphViz.pm will use. Possible values are: dot The default GraphViz layout for directed graph layouts neato For undirected graph layouts - spring model twopi For undirected graph layouts - radial circo For undirected graph layouts - circular fdp For undirected graph layouts - force directed spring model directed The ’directed’ attribute, which defaults to 1 (true) specifies directed (edges have arrows) graphs. Setting this to zero produces undirected graphs (edges do not have arrows). rankdir Another attribute ’rankdir’ controls the direction the nodes are linked together. If true it will do left->right linking rather than the default up-down linking. width, height The ’width’ and ’height’ attributes control the size of the bounding box of the drawing in inches. This is more useful for PostScript output as for raster graphic (such as PNG) the pixel dimensions can not be set, although there are generally 96 pixels per inch. pagewidth, pageheight The ’pagewidth’ and ’pageheight’ attributes set the PostScript pagination size in inches. That is, if the image is larger than the page then the resulting PostScript image is a sequence of pages that can be tiled or assembled into a mosaic of the full image. (This only works for PostScript output). concentrate The ’concentrate’ attribute controls enables an edge merging technique to reduce clutter in dense layouts of directed graphs. The default is not to merge edges. random_start For undirected graphs, the ’random_start’ attribute requests an initial random placement for the graph, which may give a better result. The default is not random. epsilon For undirected graphs, the ’epsilon’ attribute decides how long the graph solver tries before finding a graph layout. Lower numbers allow the solver to fun longer and potentially give a better layout. Larger values can decrease the running time but with a reduction in layout quality. The default is 0.1. overlap The ’overlap’ option allows you to set layout behavior for graph nodes that overlap. (From GraphViz documentation:) Determines if and how node overlaps should be removed. true (the default) overlaps are retained. scale overlaps are removed by uniformly scaling in x and y. false If the value converts to "false", node overlaps are removed by a Voronoi-based technique. scalexy x and y are separately scaled to remove overlaps. orthoxy, orthxy If the value is "orthoxy" or "orthoyx", overlaps are moved by optimizing two constraint problems, one for the x axis and one for the y. The suffix indicates which axis is processed first. NOTE: The methods related to "orthoxy" and "orthoyx" are still evolving. The semantics of these may change, or these methods may disappear altogether. compress If the value is "compress", the layout will be scaled down as much as possible without introducing any overlaps. Except for the Voronoi method, all of these transforms preserve the orthogonal ordering of the original layout. That is, if the x coordinates of two nodes are originally the same, they will remain the same, and if the x coordinate of one node is originally less than the x coordinate of another, this relation will still hold in the transformed layout. The similar properties hold for the y coordinates. no_overlap The ’no_overlap’ overlap option, if set, tells the graph solver to not overlap the nodes. Deprecated, Use ’overlap’ => ’false’. ratio The ’ratio’ option sets the aspect ratio (drawing height/drawing width) for the drawing. Note that this is adjusted before the size attribute constraints are enforced. Default value is "fill". numeric If ratio is numeric, it is taken as the desired aspect ratio. Then, if the actual aspect ratio is less than the desired ratio, the drawing height is scaled up to achieve the desired ratio; if the actual ratio is greater than that desired ratio, the drawing width is scaled up. fill If ratio = "fill" and the size attribute is set, node positions are scaled, separately in both x and y, so that the final drawing exactly fills the specified size. compress If ratio = "compress" and the size attribute is set, dot attempts to compress the initial layout to fit in the given size. This achieves a tighter packing of nodes but reduces the balance and symmetry. This feature only works in dot. expand If ratio = "expand" the size attribute is set, and both the width and the height of the graph are less than the value in size, node positions are scaled uniformly until at least one dimension fits size exactly. Note that this is distinct from using size as the desired size, as here the drawing is expanded before edges are generated and all node and text sizes remain unchanged. auto If ratio = "auto" the page attribute is set and the graph cannot be drawn on a single page, then size is set to an ‘‘ideal’’ value. In particular, the size in a given dimension will be the smallest integral multiple of the page size in that dimension which is at least half the current size. The two dimensions are then scaled independently to the new size. This feature only works in dot. bgcolor The ’bgcolor’ option sets the background colour. A colour value may be "h,s,v" (hue, saturation, brightness) floating point numbers between 0 and 1, or an X11 color name such as ’white’, ’black’, ’red’, ’green’, ’blue’, ’yellow’, ’magenta’, ’cyan’, or ’burlywood’. node,edge,graph The ’node’, ’edge’ and ’graph’ attributes allow you to specify global node, edge and graph attributes (in addition to those controlled by the special attributes described above). The value should be a hash reference containing the corresponding key-value pairs. For example, to make all nodes box-shaped (unless explicity given another shape): my $g = GraphViz->new(node => {shape => ’box’}); add_node A graph consists of at least one node. All nodes have a name attached which uniquely represents that node. The add_node method creates a new node and optionally assigns it attributes. The simplest form is used when no attributes are required, in which the string represents the name of the node: $g->add_node(’Paris’); Various attributes are possible: "label" provides a label for the node (the label defaults to the name if none is specified). The label can contain embedded newlines with ’\n’, as well as ’\c’, ’\l’, ’\r’ for center, left, and right justified lines: $g->add_node(’Paris’, label => ’City of\nlurve’); Attributes need not all be specified in the one line: successive declarations of the same node have a cumulative effect, in that any later attributes are just added to the existing ones. For example, the following two lines are equivalent to the one above: $g->add_node(’Paris’); $g->add_node(’Paris’, label => ’City of\nlurve’); Note that multiple attributes can be specified. Other attributes include: height, width sets the minimum height or width shape sets the node shape. This can be one of: ’record’, ’plaintext’, ’ellipse’, ’circle’, ’egg’, ’triangle’, ’box’, ’diamond’, ’trapezium’, ’parallelogram’, ’house’, ’hexagon’, ’octagon’ fontsize sets the label size in points fontname sets the label font family name color sets the outline colour, and the default fill colour if the ’style’ is ’filled’ and ’fillcolor’ is not specified A colour value may be "h,s,v" (hue, saturation, brightness) floating point numbers between 0 and 1, or an X11 color name such as ’white’, ’black’, ’red’, ’green’, ’blue’, ’yellow’, ’magenta’, ’cyan’, or ’burlywood’ fillcolor sets the fill colour when the style is ’filled’. If not specified, the ’fillcolor’ when the ’style’ is ’filled’ defaults to be the same as the outline color style sets the style of the node. Can be one of: ’filled’, ’solid’, ’dashed’, ’dotted’, ’bold’, ’invis’ URL sets the url for the node in image map and PostScript files. The string ’\N’ value will be replaced by the node name. In PostScript files, URL information is embedded in such a way that Acrobat Distiller creates PDF files with active hyperlinks If you wish to add an anonymous node, that is a node for which you do not wish to generate a name, you may use the following form, where the GraphViz module generates a name and returns it for you. You may then use this name later on to refer to this node: my $nodename = $g->add_node(’label’ => ’Roman city’); Nodes can be clustered together with the "cluster" attribute, which is drawn by having a labelled rectangle around all the nodes in a cluster. An empty string means not clustered. $g->add_node(’London’, cluster => ’Europe’); $g->add_node(’Amsterdam’, cluster => ’Europe’); Clusters can also take a hashref so that you can set attributes: my $eurocluster = { name =>’Europe’, style =>’filled’, fillcolor =>’lightgray’, fontname =>’arial’, fontsize =>’12’, }; $g->add_node(’London’, cluster => $eurocluster, @default_attrs); Nodes can be located in the same rank (that is, at the same level in the graph) with the "rank" attribute. Nodes with the same rank value are ranked together. $g->add_node(’Paris’, rank => ’top’); $g->add_node(’Boston’, rank => ’top’); Also, nodes can consist of multiple parts (known as ports). This is implemented by passing an array reference as the label, and the parts are displayed as a label. GraphViz has a much more complete port system, this is just a simple interface to it. See the ’from_port’ and ’to_port’ attributes of add_edge: $g->add_node(’London’, label => [’Heathrow’, ’Gatwick’]); add_edge Edges are directed (or undirected) links between nodes. This method creates a new edge between two nodes and optionally assigns it attributes. The simplest form is when now attributes are required, in which case the nodes from and to which the edge should be are specified. This works well visually in the program code: $g->add_edge(’London’ => ’Paris’); Attributes such as ’label’ can also be used. This specifies a label for the edge. The label can contain embedded newlines with ’\n’, as well as ’\c’, ’\l’, ’\r’ for center, left, and right justified lines. $g->add_edge(’London’ => ’New York’, label => ’Far’); Note that multiple attributes can be specified. Other attributes include: minlen sets an integer factor that applies to the edge length (ranks for normal edges, or minimum node separation for flat edges) weight sets the integer cost of the edge. Values greater than 1 tend to shorten the edge. Weight 0 flat edges are ignored for ordering nodes fontsize sets the label type size in points fontname sets the label font family name fontcolor sets the label text colour color sets the line colour for the edge A colour value may be "h,s,v" (hue, saturation, brightness) floating point numbers between 0 and 1, or an X11 color name such as ’white’, ’black’, ’red’, ’green’, ’blue’, ’yellow’, ’magenta’, ’cyan’, or ’burlywood’ style sets the style of the node. Can be one of: ’filled’, ’solid’, ’dashed’, ’dotted’, ’bold’, ’invis’ dir sets the arrow direction. Can be one of: ’forward’, ’back’, ’both’, ’none’ tailclip, headclip when set to false disables endpoint shape clipping arrowhead, arrowtail sets the type for the arrow head or tail. Can be one of: ’none’, ’normal’, ’inv’, ’dot’, ’odot’, ’invdot’, ’invodot.’ arrowsize sets the arrow size: (norm_length=10,norm_width=5, inv_length=6,inv_width=7,dot_radius=2) headlabel, taillabel sets the text for port labels. Note that labelfontcolor, labelfontname, labelfontsize are also allowed labeldistance, port_label_distance sets the distance from the edge / port to the label. Also labelangle decorateP if set, draws a line from the edge to the label samehead, sametail if set aim edges having the same value to the same port, using the average landing point constraint if set to false causes an edge to be ignored for rank assignment Additionally, adding edges between ports of a node is done via the ’from_port’ and ’to_port’ parameters, which currently takes in the offset of the port (ie 0, 1, 2...). $g->add_edge(’London’ => ’Paris’, from_port => 0); as_canon, as_text, as_gif etc. methods There are a number of methods which generate input for dot / neato / twopi / circo / fdp or output the graph in a variety of formats. Note that if you pass a filename, the data is written to that filename. If you pass a filehandle, the data will be streamed to the filehandle. If you pass a scalar reference, then the data will be stored in that scalar. If you pass it a code reference, then it is called with the data (note that the coderef may be called multiple times if the image is large). Otherwise, the data is returned: Win32 Note: you will probably want to binmode any filehandles you write the output to if you want your application to be portable to Win32. my $png_image = $g->as_png; # or $g->as_png("pretty.png"); # save image # or $g->as_png(\*STDOUT); # stream image to a filehandle # or #g->as_png(\$text); # save data in a scalar # or $g->as_png(sub { $png_image .= shift }); as_debug The as_debug method returns the dot file which we pass to GraphViz. It does not lay out the graph. This is mostly useful for debugging. print $g->as_debug; as_canon The as_canon method returns the canonical dot / neato / twopi / circo / fdp file which corresponds to the graph. It does not layout the graph - every other as_* method does. print $g->as_canon; # prints out something like: digraph test { node [ label = "\N" ]; London [label=London]; Paris [label="City of\nlurve"]; New_York [label="New York"]; London -> Paris; London -> New_York [label=Far]; Paris -> London; } as_text The as_text method returns text which is a layed-out dot / neato / twopi / circo / fdp format file. print $g->as_text; # prints out something like: digraph test { node [ label = "\N" ]; graph [bb= "0,0,162,134"]; London [label=London, pos="33,116", width="0.89", height="0.50"]; Paris [label="City of\nlurve", pos="33,23", width="0.92", height="0.62"]; New_York [label="New York", pos="123,23", width="1.08", height="0.50"]; London -> Paris [pos="e,27,45 28,98 26,86 26,70 27,55"]; London -> New_York [label=Far, pos="e,107,40 49,100 63,85 84,63 101,46", lp="99,72"]; Paris -> London [pos="s,38,98 39,92 40,78 40,60 39,45"]; } as_ps Returns a string which contains a layed-out PostScript-format file. print $g->as_ps; as_hpgl Returns a string which contains a layed-out HP pen plotter-format file. print $g->as_hpgl; as_pcl Returns a string which contains a layed-out Laserjet printer-format file. print $g->as_pcl; as_mif Returns a string which contains a layed-out FrameMaker graphics- format file. print $g->as_mif; as_pic Returns a string which contains a layed-out PIC-format file. print $g->as_pic; as_gd Returns a string which contains a layed-out GD-format file. print $g->as_gd; as_gd2 Returns a string which contains a layed-out GD2-format file. print $g->as_gd2; as_gif Returns a string which contains a layed-out GIF-format file. print $g->as_gif; as_jpeg Returns a string which contains a layed-out JPEG-format file. print $g->as_jpeg; as_png Returns a string which contains a layed-out PNG-format file. print $g->as_png; $g->as_png("pretty.png"); # save image as_wbmp Returns a string which contains a layed-out Windows BMP-format file. print $g->as_wbmp; as_cmap (deprecated) Returns a string which contains a layed-out HTML client-side image map format file. Use as_cmpax instead. print $g->as_cmap; as_cmapx Returns a string which contains a layed-out HTML HTML/X client-side image map format file. print $g->as_cmapx; as_ismap (deprecated) Returns a string which contains a layed-out old-style server-side image map format file. Use as_imap instead. print $g->as_ismap; as_imap Returns a string which contains a layed-out HTML new-style server- side image map format file. print $g->as_imap; as_vrml Returns a string which contains a layed-out VRML-format file. print $g->as_vrml; as_vtx Returns a string which contains a layed-out VTX (Visual Thought) format file. print $g->as_vtx; as_mp Returns a string which contains a layed-out MetaPost-format file. print $g->as_mp; as_fig Returns a string which contains a layed-out FIG-format file. print $g->as_fig; as_svg Returns a string which contains a layed-out SVG-format file. print $g->as_svg; as_svgz Returns a string which contains a layed-out SVG-format file that is compressed. print $g->as_svgz; as_plain Returns a string which contains a layed-out simple-format file. print $g->as_plain; NOTES Older versions of GraphViz used a slightly different syntax for node and edge adding (with hash references). The new format is slightly clearer, although for the moment we support both. Use the new, clear syntax, please. SEE ALSO GraphViz::XML, GraphViz::Regex AUTHOR Leon Brocard my $receiver = Mail::Transport::POP3->new(...); my $message = $receiver->receive($id); DESCRIPTION Receive messages via the POP3 protocol from one remote server, as specified in rfc1939. This object hides much of the complications in the protocol and recovers broken connections automatically. Although it is part of the MailBox distribution, this object can be used separately. You probably should not use this module, but Mail::Box::POP3. This module is the interface to POP3, whereas Mail::Box::POP3 hides the protocol weirdness and works as any other mail folder. METHODS Constructors Mail::Transport::POP3->new(OPTIONS) Create a new pop3 server connection. One object can only handle one connection: for a single user to one single server. If the server could not be reached, or when the login fails, this instantiating "new" will return "undef". Option --Defined in --Default authenticate 'AUTO' executable Mail::Transport undef hostname Mail::Transport 'localhost' interval Mail::Transport 30 log Mail::Reporter 'WARNINGS' password Mail::Transport undef port Mail::Transport 110 proxy Mail::Transport undef retry Mail::Transport timeout Mail::Transport 120 trace Mail::Reporter 'WARNINGS' username Mail::Transport undef via Mail::Transport 'sendmail' . authenticate => ’LOGIN’|’APOP’|’AUTO’ Authenthication method. The standard defines two methods, named LOGIN and APOP. The first sends the username and password in plain text to the server to get permission, the latter encrypts this data using MD5. When AUTO is used, first APOP is tried, and then LOGIN. . executable => FILENAME . hostname => HOSTNAME|ARRAY-OF-HOSTNAMES . interval => SECONDS . log => LEVEL . password => STRING . port => INTEGER . proxy => PATH . retry => NUMBER|undef . timeout => SECONDS . trace => LEVEL . username => STRING . via => CLASS|NAME Receiving mail $obj->receive([UNIQUE-MESSAGE-ID]) See "Receiving mail" in Mail::Transport::Receive Exchanging information $obj->deleteFetched Mark all messages that have been fetched with message() for deletion. See fetched(). $obj->deleted(BOOLEAN, ID’s) Either mark the specified message(s) to be deleted on the remote server or unmark them for deletion (if the first parameter is false). Deletion of messages will take place only when the connection is specifically disconnected or the last reference to the object goes out of scope. $obj->disconnect Break contact with the server, if that (still) exists. Returns true if successful. Please note that even if the disconnect was not successful, all knowledge of messages etc. will be removed from the object: the object basically has reverted to the state in which it was before anything was done with the mail box. $obj->fetched Returns a reference to a list of ID’s that have been fetched using message(). This can be used to update a database of messages that were fetched (but maybe not yet deleted) from the mailbox. Please note that if the POP3 server did not support the UIDL command, this method will always return undef because it is not possibly to reliably identify messages between sessions (other than looking at the contents of the messages themselves). See also deleteFetched(). $obj->folderSize Returns the total number of octets used by the mailbox on the remote server. $obj->header(ID, [BODYLINES]) Returns a reference to an array which contains the header of the message with the specified ID. "undef" is returned if something has gone wrong. The optional integer BODYLINES specifies the number of lines from the body which should be added, by default none. example: my $ref_lines = $pop3->header($uidl); print @$ref_lines; $obj->id2n(ID) Translates the unique ID of a message into a sequence number which represents the message as long a this connection to the POP3 server exists. When the message has been deleted for some reason, "undef" is returned. $obj->ids Returns a list (in list context) or a reference to a list (in scalar context) of all ID’s which are known by the server on this moment. $obj->message(ID) Returns a reference to an array which contains the lines of the message with the specified ID. Returns "undef" if something has gone wrong. example: my $ref_lines = $pop3->message($uidl); print @$ref_lines; $obj->messageSize(ID) Returns the size of the message which is indicated by the ID, in octets. If the message has been deleted on the remote server, this will return "undef". $obj->messages Returns (in scalar context only) the number of messages that are known to exist in the mailbox. Protocol internals The follow methods handle protocol internals, and should not be used by a normal user of this class. $obj->login Establish a new connection to the POP3 server, using username and password. $obj->send(SOCKET, data) Send data to the indicated socket and return the first line read from that socket. Logs an error if either writing to or reading from socket failed. This method does not attempt to reconnect or anything: if reading or writing the socket fails, something is very definitely wrong. $obj->sendList(SOCKET, COMMAND) Sends the indicated COMMAND to the specified socket, and retrieves the response. It returns a reference to an array with all the lines that were reveived after the first "+OK" line and before the end-of-message delimiter (a single dot on a line). Returns "undef" whenever something has gone wrong. $obj->socket Returns a connection to the POP3 server. If there was no connection yet, it will be created transparently. If the connection with the POP3 server was lost, it will be reconnected and the assures that internal state information (STAT and UIDL) is up-to-date in the object. If the contact to the server was still present, or could be established, an IO::Socket::INET object is returned. Else, "undef" is returned and no further actions should be tried on the object. $obj->status(SOCKET) Update the current status of folder on the remote POP3 server. Server connection $obj->findBinary(NAME [, DIRECTORIES]) See "Server connection" in Mail::Transport $obj->remoteHost See "Server connection" in Mail::Transport $obj->retry See "Server connection" in Mail::Transport $obj->url Represent this pop3 connection as URL. Error handling $obj->AUTOLOAD See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->addReport(OBJECT) See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->defaultTrace([LEVEL]|[LOGLEVEL, TRACELEVEL]|[LEVEL, CALLBACK]) Mail::Transport::POP3->defaultTrace([LEVEL]|[LOGLEVEL, TRACELEVEL]|[LEVEL, CALLBACK]) See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->errors See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->log([LEVEL [,STRINGS]]) Mail::Transport::POP3->log([LEVEL [,STRINGS]]) See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->logPriority(LEVEL) Mail::Transport::POP3->logPriority(LEVEL) See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->logSettings See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->notImplemented See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->report([LEVEL]) See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->reportAll([LEVEL]) See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->trace([LEVEL]) See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter $obj->warnings See "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter Cleanup $obj->DESTROY See "Cleanup" in Mail::Reporter $obj->inGlobalDestruction See "Cleanup" in Mail::Reporter DIAGNOSTICS Error: Cannot connect to $host:$port for POP3: $! Unsuccesful in connecting to the remote POP3 server. Error: Cannot get the messages of pop3 via messages() It is not possible to retreive all messages on a remote POP3 folder at once: each shall be taken separately. The POP3 folder will hide this for you. Error: Cannot re-connect reliably to server which doesn’t support UIDL. The connection to the remote POP3 was lost, and cannot be re- established because the server’s protocol implementation lacks the necessary information. Error: Cannot read POP3 from socket: $! It is not possible to read the success status of the previously given POP3 command. Connection lost? Error: Cannot write POP3 to socket: $@ It is not possible to send a protocol command to the POP3 server. Connection lost? Error: Could not authenticate using ’$some’ method. The authenication method to get access to the POP3 server did not result in a connection. Maybe you need a different authentication protocol, or your username with password are invalid. Error: Could not authenticate using any login method. No authentication method was explicitly prescribed, so both AUTH and APOP were tried. However, both failed. There are other authentication methods, which are not defined by the main POP3 RFC rfc1939. These protocols are not implemented yet. Please contribute your implementation. Error: POP3 Could not do a STAT For some weird reason, the server does not respond to the STAT call. Error: POP3 requires a username and password. No username and/or no password specified for this POP3 folder, although these are obligatory parts in the protocol. Error: Package $package does not implement $method. Fatal error: the specific package (or one of its superclasses) does not implement this method where it should. This message means that some other related classes do implement this method however the class at hand does not. Probably you should investigate this and probably inform the author of the package. Error: Server at $host:$port does not seem to be talking POP3. The remote server did not respond to an initial exchange of messages as is expected by the POP3 protocol. The server has probably a different service on the specified port. SEE ALSO This module is part of Mail-Box distribution version 2.078, built on November 09, 2007. Website: http://perl.overmeer.net/mailbox/ LICENSE Copyrights 2001-2007 by Mark Overmeer. For other contributors see ChangeLog. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. See http://www.perl.com/perl/misc/Artistic.html
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